Quadratic constrained quadratic programming

Numerical Example 1 (KKT Approach)

Consider the following Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming (QCQP) problem to gain a better understanding:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{aligned} \text{minimize} \quad & f_0(x) = (x_1 - 2)^2 + x_2^2 \\ \text{subject to} \quad & f_1(x) = x_1^2 + x_2^2 - 1 \leq 0, \\ & f_2(x) = (x_1 - 1)^2 + x_2^2 - 1 \leq 0. \end{aligned} }

We will solve this QCQP problem using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions, which are necessary conditions for a solution in nonlinear programming to be optimal, given certain regularity conditions.

Step 1: Formulate the Lagrangian

The Lagrangian Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L} combines the objective function and the constraints, each multiplied by a Lagrange multiplier Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_i} :

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle L(x, \lambda_1, \lambda_2) = (x_1 - 2)^2 + x_2^2 + \lambda_1 (x_1^2 + x_2^2 - 1) + \lambda_2 \left( (x_1 - 1)^2 + x_2^2 - 1 \right). }

For each constraint:

- Complementary Slackness:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    \lambda_i \geq 0, \quad \lambda_i f_i(x) = 0, \quad \text{for } i = 1, 2.   }

- Primal Feasibility:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    f_i(x) \leq 0 \quad \text{for } i = 1, 2.   }

Step 2: Compute the Gradient of the Lagrangian

Compute the partial derivatives with respect to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2} :

- Partial Derivative with respect to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1} :

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    \frac{\partial L}{\partial x_1} = 2(x_1 - 2) + 2\lambda_1 x_1 + 2\lambda_2 (x_1 - 1).   }

- Partial Derivative with respect to Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2} :

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    \frac{\partial L}{\partial x_2} = 2x_2 + 2\lambda_1 x_2 + 2\lambda_2 x_2.   }

Step 3: Stationarity Conditions

Set the gradients to zero:

- Equation (1):

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    2(x_1 - 2) + 2\lambda_1 x_1 + 2\lambda_2 (x_1 - 1) = 0.   }

- Equation (2):

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    2x_2 + 2\lambda_1 x_2 + 2\lambda_2 x_2 = 0.   }

From Equation (2), since Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2 (1 + \lambda_1 + \lambda_2) = 0} and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_i \geq 0} for Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i = 1, 2} , it follows that:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2 = 0. }

Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2 = 0} into the constraints:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{aligned} x_1^2 - 1 &\leq 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x_1 \in [-1, 1], \\ (x_1 - 1)^2 - 1 &\leq 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x_1 \in [0, 2]. \end{aligned} }

Combining both constraints:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 \in [0, 1]. }

Step 4: Solve the problem Using Equation (1)

Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_2 = 0} into Equation (1):

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_1 - 2) + \lambda_1 x_1 + \lambda_2 (x_1 - 1) = 0. }

Assume Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_1 > 0} (since Constraint 1 is active):

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1^2 - 1 = 0 \quad \Rightarrow \quad x_1 = \pm 1. }

But from the feasible range, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 = 1} .

Substitute Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 = 1} into the equation:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_1 = 1. }

This is acceptable.

Assume Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \lambda_2 = 0} because Constraint 2 is not active at Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 = 1} .

Step 5: Verify Complementary Slackness

- Constraint 1:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    \lambda_1 (x_1^2 - 1) = 1 \times (1 - 1) = 0.   }

- Constraint 2:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    \lambda_2 \left( (x_1 - 1)^2 + x_2^2 - 1 \right) = 0 \times (-1) = 0.   }

Step 6: Verify Primal Feasibility

- Constraint 1:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    x_1^2 - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0 \leq 0.   }

- Constraint 2:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    (x_1 - 1)^2 + x_2^2 - 1 = -1 \leq 0.   }

Step 7: Conclusion

- Optimal Solution:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    x_1^* = 1, \quad x_2^* = 0.   }

- Minimum Objective Value:

 Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle    f_0^*(x) = (1 - 2)^2 + 0 = 1.   }

Numerical Example 2 (SDP-Based QCQP)

Consider the following Quadratically Constrained Quadratic Programming (QCQP) problem:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{aligned} \text{minimize} \quad & f_0(x) = x_1^2 + x_2^2 \\ \text{subject to} \quad & f_1(x) = x_1^2 + x_2^2 - 2 \leq 0, \\ & f_2(x) = -x_1 x_2 + 1 \leq 0. \end{aligned} } Interpretation:

The objective Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_0(x) = x_1^2 + x_2^2} is the squared distance from the origin. We seek a point in the feasible region that is as close as possible to the origin. The constraint Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_1(x) = x_1^2 + x_2^2 - 2 \leq 0} restricts Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_1, x_2)} to lie inside or on a circle of radius Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \sqrt{2}} . The constraint Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_2(x) = -x_1 x_2 + 1 \leq 0 \implies x_1 x_2 \geq 1} defines a hyperbolic region. To satisfy Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 x_2 \geq 1} , both variables must be sufficiently large in magnitude and have the same sign.

Step 1: Lifting and Reformulation

Introduce the lifted variable:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{pmatrix}, \quad X = x x^T = \begin{pmatrix} x_1^2 & x_1 x_2 \\ x_1 x_2 & x_2^2 \end{pmatrix}. } If Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X = x x^T} , then Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X \succeq 0} (positive semidefinite) and Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} is rank-1.

Rewrite the objective and constraints in terms of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} :

Objective: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1^2 + x_2^2 = \langle I, X \rangle} , where Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle I} is the 2x2 identity matrix.

Constraint 1: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1^2 + x_2^2 - 2 \leq 0 \implies \langle I, X \rangle - 2 \leq 0.}

Constraint 2: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle -x_1 x_2 + 1 \leq 0 \implies X_{12} \geq 1.}

Step 2: SDP Relaxation

The original QCQP is non-convex due to the rank-1 condition on Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X} . Relax the rank constraint and consider only Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X \succeq 0} :

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{aligned} \text{minimize} \quad & \langle I, X \rangle \\ \text{subject to} \quad & \langle I, X \rangle - 2 \leq 0, \\ & X_{12} \geq 1, \\ & X \succeq 0. \end{aligned} } This is now a Semidefinite Program (SDP), which is convex and can be solved using standard SDP solvers.

Step 3: Solving the SDP and Recovering the Solution

Solving the SDP, we find a feasible solution Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X^*} that achieves the minimum:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X^* = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix}. } Check that Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X^*} is rank-1:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle X^* = \begin{pmatrix}1 \\ 1\end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix}1 & 1\end{pmatrix} = x^*(x^*)^T, } with Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x^* = (1, 1)} .

Thus, from Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \text{Thus, from } X^*, \text{ we recover the solution } x^* = (1,1) \text{ for the original QCQP.} }

Check feasibility:

Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1^2 + x_2^2 = 1 + 1 = 2 \implies f_1(x^*) = 0 \leq 0.} Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x_1 x_2 = 1 \implies f_2(x^*) = -1 + 1 = 0 \leq 0.} All constraints are satisfied.

Step 4: Optimal Value

The optimal objective value is: Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f_0^*(x) = x_1^{*2} + x_2^{*2} = 1 + 1 = 2.}

Conclusion

The SDP relaxation not only provides a lower bound but also recovers the global optimum for this particular QCQP. The optimal solution is Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (x_1^, x_2^) = (1, 1)} with an objective value of Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 2} .

This example demonstrates how an SDP relaxation can be used effectively to solve a non-convex QCQP and, in some cases, recover the exact optimal solution.